Chicago Citation Guide

The Chicago Manual of Style Author-Date style typically does not use footnotes as the Notes-Bibliography (NB) Chicago-style does. Instead, Author-Date uses parenthetical in-text citations. 

Additionally, the citation page for the Author-Date style is called a reference list, rather than a bibliography (which is used for the Notes-Bibliography style). 

The Author-Date style of Chicago uses a References page for the citations. 

Below are some general guidelines and formatting for the Author-Date References page.  

• Citation entries are alphabetized by the first letter of the author's last name. Entries that have no author or title are alphabetized by title, excluding articles such as A, An, and The. 
• If you cite a source with no publication date, write "n.d." in place of the date in both your in-text citation and in your reference list. 
• If your source does not have an author, there are a few different ways to cite it, depending on what information is available.
  • For sources with no author that were issued or published by an organization, you can list the organization as the author. 
  • If your source has no author and no organization, list it by title instead, using the first word of the title that is not an article. 
  • If you have a source that is explicitly attributed to "Anonymous", such as an internet forum comment, list Anonymous as the author. 

Reference Page Formatting Guidelines:

• The reference list appears at the end of your paper on a new page after the last line of text in your paper (usually the last line of the conclusion). 
• The reference list is usually titled "References", though some professors prefer it to be called "Works Cited" (similar to an MLA-style paper). 
• Include the consecutive page number in the top right corner of the header.
• All entires are arranged alphabetically by the last name of the first author. If there is no author, use the first word of the title of the work (excluding The, A, An). 
• Each entry in the reference list begins with the author's last name and the source's publication date. 
• Single author entries are listed before multiple-author entries beginning with the same name. 
• Multiple works by the same author or authors are arranged chronologically, and the 3-em dash is used in the second and subsequent entries. 
• Entries are single-spaced with one extra space between entries. 
• For citation entries that are more than one line long use a 0.5 inch indent (called a hanging indent) on the second and following lines of the citation. 
• For online sources, provide the DOIs instead of URLs whenever possible. When using URLs, use the permanent link (permalink) whenever possible. 
• Multiple works by the same author in the same year are arranged alphabetically by title, and then qualifiers a, b, c, etc. are added to the year to make each entry unique in the in-text citation. 

While the Notes-Bibliography Chicago system uses footnotes and endnotes, in-text citations in Chicago Author-Date style are cited in the body of the text using parentheses - these are also called parenthetical citations. These citations include the author's last name, the publication date of the work being cited, and a page number if needed or provided. 

In-Text citation examples: 

(Smith, Landry, and Doe 2022, 18)

(Penny 2009) 

In cases where you are citing two separate works in the same sentence, a semicolon is typically used to separate each work. 

In-Text citation example:

(Penny 2009; Smith, Landry, and Doe 2022, 24)

You may find that you need to cite multiple sources by the same author. If you have two or more sources by the same author, but each source is published in a different year, use the "3-em dash" for the second and subsequent entries for the same author. 

Levitin, Daniel J. 2016. A Field Guide to Lies: Critical Thinking in the Information Age. New York, NY: Dutton.

---. 2014. The Organized Mind: Thinking Straight in the Age of Information Overload. New York, NY: Dutton. 

If you are citing multiple sources by the same author that were also published in the same year, you must add an identifier next to the year so that the sources can be distinguished within the text. You can use the following format:

Example:

Doe, Jane. 2018a. Example Book Title. El Dorado: Butler Community College. 

---. 2018b. "Example Article." History Journal, 4, no. 5, (March): 57-68. https://doi.org/10.1000/10000.

The in-text citations would use the same identifier after the date, regardless of what order they are used within the body of the text:

(Doe 2018a)

(Doe 2018b)

Partial References List Example: 

References

Allende, Isabel. 2020. A Long Petal of the Sea. Translated by Nick Caistor and Amanda
     Hopkinson. New York: Ballantine Books. 

Clear, James. 2018. Atomic Habits: An Easy & Proven Way to Build Good Habits & Break Bad
     Ones. Read by James Clear. Penguin Audio: Audible, 5 hours 35 minutes. 

Coetzee, J. M. 1992. "An Interview with J.M. Coetzee." Interview by Richard
     Begam. Contemporary Literature, 33, no. 3 (Autumn): 419-
     431. https://doi.org/10.2307/1208476. 

de Sá Silva, Fernando, Paula Nascimento Almeida, Paes Rettore João Vitor, Pereira Maranduba
     Claudinéia, de Souza Camila Maurmann, Gustavo Torres de Souza, Rafaella de Souza
     Salomão Zanette, Harumi Miyagi Sueli Patricia, and Marcelo de Oliveira Santos. 2012.
     "Toward Personalized Cell Therapies by using Stem Cells: Seven Relevant Topics for Safety
     and Success in Stem Cell Therapy." Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2012: 1-
     12. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/758102. 

Doe, Jane. 2018a. Example Book Title. El Dorado: Butler Community College. 

---. 2018b. "Example Article." History Journal, 4, no. 5, (March): 57-68.
     https://doi.org/10.1000/10000.

Faulkner, William. 1950. "Nobel Prize Acceptance Speech." Recorded at City Hall, Stockholm,
     Sweden, December 10, 1950. https://archive.org/details/RTFM-Harp-940601. 

Filoni, Dave and Nathaniel Villanueva, directors. 2020. Star Wars: The Clone Wars. Season 7,
     episode 10, "The Phantom Apprentice." April 24, 2020, on Disney+.